Salai Van Lian Thang
Biahramthok:
Kawlram Historian minthang Prof. Dr. Khin Mawng Kyi (L) nih ‘Burmese Political Values: The Socio-political roots of Authoritarism (New York: Praeger-1983)’ a tialmi chungah Dr. Aung Khin nih a khomhsuat thanmi cu ka duhnak zon tete ka lak than I, Laica in ka hun tial than.
Kawl Miphun thadernak (weakness) ka pholangh tikah ka cungah an lung a tling lai lo ti hi ka theih ko, ka upat hmaizah hna lo caah si loin, tuanbia saya (historian) nih chim dingmi chim lo in hrial in kal tak hi sualnak a lian deuh tiah ka hmuh caah, hramhram uknak (dictators) lungput a hrintertu ‘Burma political culture’ hi tihnak ngei lo tein, ka chim lai, tiah biahram a domh.
Society pakhat lungput ziaza le nunphung (political culture) hi zingzan a chuakchom mi a si lo. Burmese Society thinlungput khuaruahnak kalning cu tuanbia a chanchan in kan hmuhmi Ram Uknak (Politics) kalphung, zumhning le nunphung, hlan tuanphung, duhci le uarci, hmelchunhnak, phung le phai, chimtonmi bia le hla, biaknak zumhning tbt ah a lang, tiah a ti. Ram pakhat political process (ramkong thilcang) kan hlat tikah political culture hi zohfian cikcek a herh. Society pakhat ah hramhram uktu ‘dictator’ nih a kan ukmi cu a ram mipi nih kan cohlan hna caah a si ko, cohlan (accept) lo ahcun lam phunkip in ‘dictatorship’ a tlaunak dingah an I zuam lai I, sau a nung kho lo. Ram Mipi nih kan cohlan tok zulhin Uktu Cozah phun a rak chuak ton. Ram pakhat political nunphung, asiloah, thinlungput umtuning cu Uktu Cozah umtuning muisam nih a langhter ton, tiah a ti.
Hlan Kawl Siangpahrang pawl cu nitlak ram Siangpahrang bantuk siloin upadii mumal ngei loin mipi an hrem a fahning, cu ‘dictator’ thinlung cu kan thlik, thluak, cek le lung tiangah a hram a thlakmi a thuhning, kum (1100) chung Siangpahrang chan, Mirang chan, Palimen chan, Ralkap chan tiang ‘dictator’ thinlung ai benh pengmi, kan kal tak kho hrimhrim lo ning, kha chan a dotdot in a chim.
Mirang nih an kan uk hnu zongah Mirang tang zungthubawi Kawl pawl nih ‘dictator’ lungput an thlauloning, 1947 Phunghram fehter lioah lusuk pawmpitu long an duh I, ceihhmai kho cathiam mifim an rak remloning dictator kalphung, mipi zongnih hruaitu tuahmi pohpoh zakhat ah zakhat a dik ko lai, el awk a si lo, tiah hruaitu an rak zumh/ an rak I bochan dih ning, Democracy rim hun teh hnu zongah cathiam tiangnih dictator thinlung an thlaulo ning, Palimen democracy chanah Ruling le Opposition kar democracy rim a nam lo ning, ruahnak ai khat lomi poh sa le ral ah an rak I hmuhning, ruahnak I hrom lo poh Party member tiangin an rak I chuahning, democracy ramah opposion an upat lioah Kawlram Hluttaw ah Ruling nih Opposition cu fihnung zeirello ngaiin an nehsawh an thlamlanghnak a fahning, Opposition cu sualnak kawl riangmang in thong tiang an thlak ning, Hluttaw chungah Opposition poh cu nganh loin hloh viar ding, mi hrawktu tiah Opposition Party an thut ve cu Ruling Party nih an celh in an celh hrimhrim lo ning, Opposition biatung dirhmi (proposal) pohpoh a that zong a chiat zongah pakhat hmanh an pass pi duh lo ning, an hnawn reject dih viar ning, Uktu Cozah cu doh phung a si lo, an bia zulhdih phung a si, tihphung a si, Ruling Cozah chimmi a tha dih, Opposition chimmi a chia dih, timi (political culture) a tlauloning tete a chim.
Ralkap nih Uknak an lak micu AFPL party tlakcham long a si lo, mipi chungah democracy ci a nunkhawh rih lo lengah hlan chanin dictators nunnung (political culuture) kan thlau khawh lo ruangah a hung chuak thanmi a si, tiah a ti. Uktu Cozah pohpoh cu zeibantuk Cozah a si zongah nan upat nan tih lai timi hlan pipu khuaruahning nunphung a nun peng rih ruangah dictator a hung nung kho than mi a si, tiah a ti. Kum a thong in hram a thla cangmi hlan nunphung khuaruahning hi a tlau a har ngaingai cang lai. Mipi nih politics kong interest lo, hruaitu pawl nih lampialpi peng ahcun Kawlram ah democracy nunter than a har ngaingai lai, tiah a ti.
Siangpahrang Chan:
Hlan Siangpahrang cu Pathian (God King) ah an rak hmuh. Uktu le Ukmi, Sal le Siangpahrang, nawl petu le nawl zultu long a rak um. Siangpahrang cu zeizong nawlngeitu, salnu salpa ngeihchiah thilri zeizongte an nunnak tiang a ngeitu a si, a ti. Siangpahrang duhnak cu upadii a si, mipi cu Siangpahrang fialmi poah tuahkha a si. Na Salpa (Kyun-daw-myo), ka Pathian (Thakhin-Phaya) timi Siangpahrang inn hmanmi biafang pawl cu tuchun ah ‘Kyun-daw’ timi le ‘Kha-mya’ timi biafang ah kan lak thaimi hi a si, tiah a ti. Kawl siangpahrang nih upadii sii-kann timi an ngei lo, an lungchuak poah tuah kha a si. Western ram ah Siangpahrang nih phung le lam upadii ning tein an ukmi kha Kawl Siangpahrang nih an thei ve lo, a ti. Siangpahrang thinhun ahcun Vuanci, Vuanthok vialte zeitikpoah harnak ton a si ko. Siangpahrang a lung a tling ti lo timi a theimi poh cu zam ah cun zam, zam lo cun tupung thawh long a ba. Culocun zeipoh tuar a si ko, tiah a ti. Siangpahrang cungah huham ngei kho cunglei miruun phu (upper class) zong Western ram bantuk in an rak um lo, mirum zong an rum ngam lo, Siangpahrang mit sir in voikhat zoh ahcun loh a si ko (Ba-yin-myat-sawng-a-cawng-ma-zuai) tiah a ti. Siangpahrang cu Biaknak dirhkamhtu a si, phungki a hremmi cu an rak um bal lo. Siangpahrang thalo misual cu Phungki nih an rak rem hna lo timi a fiang ngai, tiah a ti. Uktu cu Siangpahrang chungkhar an si. Uktu ‘mu-mat’ pawl zong Siangpahrang rian pek chom longte an si caah Siangpahrang chimmi poah ‘A si ko ka Bawipa! (Hman-bah Phaya!) ti dih a si ko, tiah a ti. Siangpahrang cu zeizongte tonnak Ba-hu (Center) ah chiah, Siangpahrang um lo cun ram ai uk kho lo tlukin ruah a si, tiah a ti. Ram kongah zaran mipi I telnak lam pakhat hmanh a um lo, ramrian cu mi cheukhat nih tuanmi rian longah mipi nih rak ruah dih a si, tiah a ti. Sal mipi cungah namnehnak phunphun, hremnak phunphun cu Siangpahrang tuahdingmi tuahning kel phung pakhat bantuk (Ta-ba-wah) ah ruah a rak si ko, palh a si, tiah Siangpahrang nih an ruat bal lo, tiah a ti. Mipi ai-awh nih upadii ser timi cu Kawlram tuanbia ah a rak um bal lo. Kawl nih Hluttaw tiah hmanmi biafang hi Siangpahrang nawl longte zulhin tuahnak department an auhnak a rak si, tiah a ti. Hlan ah cathiam umchun cu Phungki sianginn chuak longte an si caah vawleilei kong an thei lo, tiah a ti. Siangpahrang hremnak celhlo caah tupung an tho theo nain Siangpahrang uknak system cu an doh hlei lo. Teinak an hmuh zongah Siangpahrang system thiamthiam an hman ko lai, tiah a ti.
Uktu Siangpahrang (A-Soe-Yah-Min) cu a thami a si lo, tiah rak ruah a si caah a tha lomi nih hremnak phunphun, namnehnak phunphun in uk cu nawlngeitu a rian kokek (Ta-ba-wah) a si ko, tiah rak ruahpiak, a si, a ti. Cucaah Cozah bia doh cu san a tlai lo, timi ruahnak a hung chuak, nawlngeitu nih an tuahmi cu kai seng lo, tiah hlan mi hna nih rak ruah dih a si. Uktu Siangpahrang (A-Soe-Yah-Min) cu a tha lo tiah an ruat nain, Siangpahrang riantuantu bawi (Min-hmu-htan- a-yah-sih) rian cu a thabik, tiah rak ruah a si hoi, tiah a ti. Zeitluk in mi rum si zongah rank (A-ya-sih) si lo cun, Uktu fialmi poah tuah a si, tiah rak ruah a si. Nawlngeihnak hmunh pengnak caah fim thiamnak ngeih a herh lo, cungleibawi nih duhmi si tu a biapi, tiah rak ruah a si, tiah a ti.
Burma Society ah miruun (social class) timi a rak um lo nain rank, dignity le (a sinh-a tan) timi cu uar taktak a si. Minung pakhat an tah tikah a fim thiamnak zoh loin a rank le dignity in tah a si. Fim thiamnak kha papek siloin rank (Ya-htu-a sinh a tan) kha biapibik tahfung ah hman a rak si. Rank a ngeih tilo cun dignity a tlau, siangpahrang chungkhar hmanh hoikom an ngei ti lo, tiah ruah a si. Rank a ngeimi kha hehtiah an komh I, rank ngeilo cu hrial an I zuam, tiah a ti. Cung le tang pehtlaihnak ah tang minung le cung minung pumpak I zumhnak (titsa) ah a hram an bunh. Cungminung kha tang minung nih zeipoh I dor dih a si I, cungminung nih humhim le khamh chung poah cu thil dik lo tuah zongah a himmi ah rak I ruah a si. Cucaah cunglei bawi lungtlinnak tuah kha biatak tein an I zuam (Hman-Bah-Phaya!) longte an rak si ko, tiah a ti. Hnuah Cunglei bawi nawl zulh long sitiloin mithmai ngeihnak caah pumpak pehtlaihnak hehtiah I zuam a si caah hnawhthuh (Lat-pe-lat-zu) a chuahbehnak hi a si, tiah a chim.
Mirang Chan:
Mirang chanah hramhram in uknak phung (absolute dictatorship system) cu Phunghram hmangin uknak (Bureaucratic system) ah a hun i thleng. India ramin uk a rak si. Kawlram ah Cozah a um lo. Mirang chan ukphung cu cunglei in namneh mi uknak a si thiamthiam nain Kawl Siangpahrang chan lio nakin a tampi a tha, a ti. Mirang chanah thil hman tein tuah, thil dik ning tein tuan, chimrel le biaceih a hung um. Upadii nawlngeihnak (Rule of law) zong a um. Dai tein chawlehthalnak zong a um. Mirang nih an duhbikmi cu sipuazi a miakhmuh a si ko caah mipi hnahnawh tuk lo ding an I zuam ko. Phaisa pek loin rian tuanter zong a tlau. Hramhram in rianfial kha hrial khawh chung an hrial. Nain Mirang tangah Kawibawi pawl nih zaran mipi kha zeitipoh in kan nehsawh kan thlamlangh kho hna, timi hlan pipu dictator thinlung cu an kal tak kho hrimhrim lo, tiah a ti. Bamar Myo-Uk
Mirang Bawi nih dik tein uknak an kalpi ko nain mipi dawtnak le support nak an hmuh lo caah awder an hmang theo. Mirang chanah Kawl siangpahrang chanlio hmanmi pakhat le pakhat I chonhbiak nunphung kha hman thiamthiam a si, tiah a ti. Mirang bawi cu Kala thutnak ah an thu I, Bamar Bawi le mipi cu tuang ah an thu. Mirangbawi zungkhan luh tikah kedenh phoih, kut in biak, lukhun kengkun, in luh le kal a si, tiah a ti. Cucu mirangbawi zong an lung a tling ngai ve ko rua. Kawl pawl zong nih Bawi he ton tikah zeitin kan biakchonh lai timi lamdang an theih lo caah hi nunphung hi hman dawh peng a si, tiah a ti. Sal le nawlngeitu chonhbiak phungin chonh lo ding le minung hoi pakhat bantukin chonhbiak dingkha Mirang nih an rak cawnpiak rua hna lo. Minung a biak in I biakmi upat pek nunzia hlun kha Mirang nih thapek dawh a si, tiah a ti. Hlan Kawl nunphung hmanmi nawlngeitu nawl zulhdih nunphung (political culture) kha hman a si rih ko caah Mirang nih mipi dawtnak le lungthin an rak la kho thlu lo, tiah a ti. Mirang nih dinfelnak tein uknak timi zongkha Kawl minih hnu ahcun an theih a har ngai cang. Mirang uknak a tha mi pakhat hnih kha chinhchiah ti loin Bawi le sal phunin I chonh I biak pengmi tu kha an thinlung ah a rak cam deuh cang, tiah a ti. Kawl miphun chungah Ram dangmi nih ukmi si cu a tha lo, a timi an um bantuk in a tha a timi zong an rak um, ruahnak ai then, tiah a ti. Sihmanhsehlaw, Uknak zeitluk a that ko zongah hnu ahcun ramdang uknak cu an cohlang duh hlei ti lo. Bamar Siangpahrang a tlau diam cu an lung a rak tha lo ngai, luatnak an sunghmi zong an lung a rak piang ko, Biaknak dirhkamhtu Siangpahrang um ti lo caah Buddism biaknak zong a tlau sual lai, ti an rak phang, tiah a ti. Mirang nih cun Biaknak kongah I thlak lem lo in a hlatpi in um kha an rak duh, tiah a ti. Zei kan ti zongah mah tein I ukkha a donghnak ahcun duh dih a rak si ko, tiah a ti. Kan ruah setmat ahcun Mirang uknak hi a thami tampi a um ko. Kawl Siangpahrang nih uknak dihdongh an ngeihmi cu Mirang nih an hrawh lo ahcun Kawl Siangpahrang uknak hrawhnak caah dohthlennak pakhat tuah a herh ding khi a si, tiah a ti. Nain Mirang nih an kan pen hnu zongah Kawl miphun nih hramhram Uktu (dictator) nunphung (political culture) cu kan kal tak kho hlei ti lo, a tang rih peng ko, tiah a ti.
Buddism biaknak ai uangthlar ngaingaimi Kawl Miphun cungah miphun tthanghnak (nationalism) a hung chuak. 1908 ah YMBA an dirh, 1920 ah ramrian kong longte a tuanmi GCBA an dirh. India ramkulh pakhat bang Bamar ram cu uk a si caah GCBA nih India hmanmi political system bang Bamar ram ah hman ve ding, an rak I tinh. Miphun tthanghnak a hung lian, sandahpiaknak a hung um, mah ten uknak tiang an hun I tinh hnu ahcun luatnak tiangkha an i tinh cang. Bamar miphun tthanghnak a hung lian deuh caah Mirang zong harnak an tong chinchin. Mirang nih a hmasa cun Bamar Miphun tthanghnak cu zei an rak rel lo, a ti.
Kawl Miphun nih Phunghram (upadii) in ukmi kha an rak theithiam lo. Palimen uknak phung, a dang tein biaceihnak nawl, rule of law timi pawl kha voikhat hmanh Kawl pawl nih an rak thei bal lo. Uktu bawi nawlngeihnak thennak (Sepration of powers) umtuning zong an rak thei bal lo. Kum 1923 in kum 1942 kar hi Democracy phung hneksaknak can ti khawh a si. Nain Kawl Siangpahrang chan ruahning kha an kal tak kho hlei lo. Mipi thimmi kuzale le ram ukning cang theihnak caah kum (18) cu a tuantuk rih a si kho men, tiah a ti. Diarchy Uknak (Mirang le Kawl komh) in uknak hun hman hnuah Mirang Governer he komhin Bamar Vuanci zong an hung um. Diarychy cu hneksak a duhmi le a cohlang lomi tiah an rak kuai. Uknak nawlngeitu long uktu asilo Phungsernak nawlngeitu le Biaceihnak nawlngeitu he Uknak thenpiak a sining kha an lung a hung piang thok. Uktu nawlngeitu longnih duhpoh in a tuah kho lo, ticu an hun theih nain Cozah Officer cu khoika pohah nawl a ngei timi hlan pipi ruahnak a tlau kho hlei rih lo, tiah a ti. Uknak nawlngeitu hmalaknak, Cozah policy, Cozah riantuanning cu Legislative Council ah biahalnak tuah khawh a si, biaal khawh, doh khawh, hlathlai khawh a si, timi cu cathiam deuh Bamar pawl nih an hun theih thok. Sihmanhsehlaw, Phunghram ning ukning kha cathiam pawl zong mipi zong an lung a rak piang ngai hlei lo. Khuapi umnih tlawmpal an theih nain khuate umcu nawlngeitu poh rak tih thiamthiam a si rih ko, Uktu poah tihnak a tlau kho hlei lo, tiah a ti.
Mifim cathiam an hung tam deuh nain Liberal democracy umtuning kha an rak interest lo, mah tein uknak nawl Kawlmi nih ngeihnak lam longkha an rak interest dih. Diarchy chanah Politics theihnak tlawmpal a hun kau deuh tikah India komhin uknak cu biatak tein an hun helh colh. Ramkong thanghnak a hun um kha thanchonak pakhat cu a rak si ko, tiah a ti. Lothlo mi pawl nih Diarchy uknak cu zeihmanh an interest lo, cucaah Saya San hruainak in mirang hundoh colh a si. Hi lothlo pawl nih fei le nam in an hun I thanghnak hi hlan nunphung he a thangtimi a si, tiah a ti. Doh-Bamar-Asizone an hun dirh cun, socialist le communist umtuning zong an hun theihpah cang. Mirang nih 1935 Bamar Act Phunghram hmasabik an hun ser I, India he komh ti lo in Kawl miphun cu a dang tein an hun chiah. Dec 1936 ah voikhatnak hruaitu thimnak hna an hun tuah, Governor Excutive Council hna an hun I tel tikah Political party kong, Party sizungzi kong, Parlimen hruainak kong hna cu Bamar pawl nih theihram an hun thok chom, tiah a ti. Nain hlan pipu nunphung cu kan kal tak kho lo, Phungki sianginn in hlan pipu chan nunphung le khuaruahning cu chan khat hnu chankhat in an kan kalpi (let-sin-kann) hi a si ko, tiah a ti.
bawi tang riantuan pawl nih duhpoh in an hrokhrol caah 1896 ah rian an rak tthumh dih hna, tiah a ti. Ramdang nih ukmi si cu an celh lo nain Kawl Siangpahrang lio chan nakin Mirang bawi pawl cu mipi he pehtlaihnak kongah tampi an tha deuh. Kawl Siangpahrang chanah Bawi pakhat nih a tang riantuantu a dikloning in a hrem tikah Siangpahrang locun hohmanh nih dan an tat kho lo. Mirang chan ahcun upadii ning a si ahcun Uktu Bawi zong tih a hau lo, timi cu Kawl miphun nih theih hram an hun thok ve, tiah a ti. <<< Mahka zoh hi khoika paragraph chung ta dek a rak lut sual mi a si
Luatnak caah Timhtuah lio:
Vawlei ralpi dih hnu zongah 1935 Phunghram cu hman thiamthiam a si. Jan 1947 ah Kawlram luatnak caah Aung San-Attlee Agreement min an thut. 12 Feb 1947 ah Panglong Conference an dih. Phunghram thar sernak caah Constituancy Assembly (Hluttaw) thimnak cu April 1947 ah an tuah, 9 June ah Hluttaw thut ding a si. Hluttaw kalphung cu 1935 Phunghram ning hman a si, tiah a ti. Hluttaw thimnak ah AFPL mizumh tlinnak long biatak tein an I zuam. Mifim cathiam kan herh lo, tinak a si ko, tiah a ti. Phunghram thar serciami poahpoah lusuk in pawmpitu Hluttaw MP long an rak duh. Phunghram ceihkhannak ah biaelkho mifim cu an rak rem hna lo. Mipi nih Aung San le AFPL nih tuahmi paoh ram caah a tha dih ko lai, timi ruahnak an rak ngei. Hruaitu poah zumh, ibochan in hnabeisei chan a rak si. Hruaitu nih chimmi poah Hluttaw MP zong Mipi zongnih pello tein zulh dih kha, kan rian a si, tiah rak ruah a si, tiah a ti. Phunghram ceihmainak ah dikdiar tefiak tein ceihhmai cu a can liamter sawhsawh men ah hmuh a rak si, asiloah, a can hramhram in sauhter duhmi hrawktu (destructive) ah rak ruah a si. AFPL Party he ruahnak ai fun kholomi Hluttaw MP poahcu Mirang pawl kutke tiah rakpuh a rak si, tiah a ti. Communist Hluttaw MP nih Mirang nih daitein luatnak pek ti micu a si kho bal lai lo, Constituany Assemly hi nawl dihlak ngeitu tiah thanh I, uknak lak ding a si, tiah biatung a rak dirh. Hluttaw MP pakhat nih ai thawh le Hluttaw nan kawhmi hi Tlangcung mi buainak dingah mei kau piak duh ah maw nan kawh, tiah a rak puh rih. Hitin rak buai a si caah Phunghram a rannak in fehter kha lawlawse a rak biapi mi a rak si ko, tiah a ti.
Uktu pawl nih zeibantuk pungsan in ram an hruai lai, zeibantuk phung le lam an hman lai, timi kha Hluttaw Assembly ah an rak ceih lo. Society pumpi a hrampi in thlenkhawhnak cu Hluttaw ah a um timi an rak ruat kho rua lo. Zeibantuk miphun dah hruaitu a si ding a si, hruaitu thlennak a um tikah zeitin kan tuah lai timi cu Hluttaw MP pawl le AFPL nih an rak ruat ti rua lo. Hluttaw umtuning, Basic Rights, Pyidawngsu kong, Biaceihnak kong, AFPL le Tlangcung miphun duh ningin Phunghram tial I, fehter zokzok long an ruat, tiah a ti. Uknak (excutive power) kong cu phunghram tial lio zongah draft chuahpi lio zongah an rak ceihkhang ti lo. Phunghram tialtu ah mifim cathiam an I tel ko caah Hluttaw MP nih soisel ah zei san a tlai lo, tiah an rak ruah, tiah a ti. Phunghram cu thla (2) chung can tawite chungah an rak ser I 24 Sept 1947 ah an rak fehter ko, tiah a ti. 1935 Ireland Phunghram, 1935 India Phunghram, 1935 Bamar Phunghram kan fonh i kan remh ahcun 1947 Phunghram a chuak ko, tiah a ti. Hi mirang uknak phung hi AFPL hruaitu le Hluttaw MP pawl nih an I ziak beh cang I a si rua, a ti. Political groups pawl, Police pawl, Karen Miphun nih a hramthok tein 1947 Phunghram an zumh lo caah siseh, mipi nih phunghram updii an interest fawn lo caah 1947 phunghram cu Kawlram mipi cungah huham thawnnak a rak ngei kho lo, tiah a ti.
Luatnak Hmuhnu U Nu Cozah:
Phunghram a feh thla (18) hnuah thimnak tuahding a si. Kawlram cu tupung phunphun nih a tlak buak colh ko. Communist Party pahnih (Thakhin Soe le Thakhin Than Htun hruaimi) lengah Yebaw Phuy le Karen miphun nih 1947 phunghram cu an cohlan lo caah ral an tho colh. U Nu nih Communist le Yebawpyu tupung cu uknak tlaih an duh ruang a si, tiah a puh nain an nihnih Nu-Atlee hnatlaknak in lakmi luatnak cu a dikmi a si lo, tiah ral an tho. Karen nih AFPL Cozah nih Karen miphun daihnak le hngangamnak a kan pe kho lai lo, tiah ral an tho ve. Shan, Kachin, Chin longnih Pyidawngsuh kan dirh kho cang, tiah an rak I ruah lio a si I, Cozah cu an rak dirhkamh, tiah a ti. AFPL Cozah chungah pumpak I zuamcawhnak buainak fakpi in a tlung colh. Luatnak hmuh hnu thla (5) ah U NU cu Vuancichoke rianin I phuak, tiah an ti colh ko, a ti. Pakhat le pakhat I zumhlonak, pakhat le pakhat lunghrinnak a karh I AFPL cu a dirhmun a chia ngai. Cheukhat nih uknak a thawtnam an theih caah U Nu rian a kal tak cun uknak kan thlah sual lai ti an rak phang. Tlangcung mipawl nih tupung an tam caah U Nu a kal diam ding an duh ve fawn lo. AFPL chung buainak a faktukmi cu UNU nih a zoh tikah a lung a fak tuk I, 25 May 1948 ah Party in ka chuak, AFPL ka sizung than lai, tiah a thanh, a ti. Sihmanhsehlaw, Vuancichoke rian in ka chuah ahcun hi tluk tupung phunphun um lio ah buainak a lian chin lai ti a theih. Cucaah Defence le Home Ministry cu ai tlaih I tupung a doh colh ko, tiah a ti. Ram pumpi tupung phunphun nih an thawh hnawh I awlokchawng a si lio ah Cozah tlaitu AFPL Socialists pawl nih Upadii tihzahnak an thei lo. Uknak dihdongh ngeihnak caah dohtu Party pawl hloh viar long an I tim. AFPL Party Cozah soiseltu tadinca seh pathum zong an rak hrawhpiak dih. Lungrualnak a ngeilomi tupung nih mipi dirpinak an la kho lo. U Nu cu India le England bomhnak in a Cozah thazang a hung ngei deuh. Tupung thazang a der, Cozah a thawn tikah Socialists pawl cu Party chung an hunglut than, tiah a ti.
Thimnak cu 1951 ah voikhat, 1956 ah voikhat tuah a si. Kum (8) te a rau rihmi Palimen Democracy ahcun uknak cuhnak a fak ngai ngai colh. Palimen zongah AFPL Party chung zongah Socialists nih an hruai. Hluttaw MP 250 chungah MP 54 long dohtu Hluttaw MP an si, a ti. 1956 thimnak dih hnuah Palimen Hluttaw cu AFPL nih an control, Cozah an ser. One party nih ukmi chan ti khawh zong a si. Dohtu Hluttaw MP an tlawm tuk caah democracy rim a nam lo. Kum 1958 ah AFPL Party cu phu hni ah an kuai. Hluttaw MP 129 nih Nu-Tin Party cu an tanpi. MP 119 nih Swe-Ngein Party an tanpi. Nu-Tin Party nih Cozah an ser. Hi longah ruling party le opposition biatak tein an hun I do. Nu-Tin Cozah nih tupung pawl luatnak (Amnesty) a pekmi cu Swe-Ngein Party le Ralkap nih an doh. Bia taktein Cozah a buai caah Uknak pekding Ne Win Ralkap nih an hun nawl tikah U Nu nih a pek ko cang, tiah a ti. Political Party pawl khat le khat an i dohnak ah Ralkap nih an i rolh khawhnak hnga lam awnpiak cu Democracy kha hri in awh a rak si ko, tiah a ti.
Ne Win cu Vuancichoke ah 28 Oct 1958 ah Hluttaw nih pawm a si. Hi Care Taker Cozah chan ah U Nu nih Pyidaungsuh Party tiah Party min a thlen I, 1960 thimnak cu a tei cikcek than. Mipi nih Ralkap he ai cawhnalhmi Swe-Ngein party cu an duh lo. Nain U Nu nih Cozah a hun ser hnuah Ralkap he I rem than ding cu a ruat ti lo. AFPL buu hnih a kuai lio in Ralkap cu ding tein hruai thiam a rak herh ngaite, tiah a ti. Cozah sertu U Nu Party le Ralbawi pawl karah zumhlonak le lunghrinnak a rak ngan ngai. Cozah nih hmual ngei tein ram uk khawhnak caah Ralkap bomhnak cu a herh ngai ton. Nain U Nu nih Ralkap sizung ding le Ralkap he I rem ding cu a rak ruat ti lo. Thimnak a sungmi Swe-Ngein Party cu opposition ah a pawm nain Swe-Ngein Party he ai cawhnalhmi Ralbawi pawl cu Politics biaruahnak ah a khumh ti lo. U Nu Cozah nih Palimen democracy a hram a feh rihlomi cu a philh diam in a lang. Thimnak teitu Cozah nih fialmi poah Ralkap nih tuan ding a si, ti long ruahdawh a si. Thimnak tei timi cu mipi nih tuahnak nawl pek a si caah a mah program long tuah ding a ruat colh in a lang. Ralkap nih U Nu program zong an upat lo lengah mipi duhnak zong an upat lo. Sir lei ah hnawlmi Ralbawi hna le Ne Win nih U Nu Cozah cu zeitikdah kan hrawh lai tiah an bawh lio can pi-ah Shan miphun nih ‘Federal’ an hun aupi mi cu caantha lakin Ralbawi Ne Win nih uknak a lak diam ko, tiah a ti.
1947 Phunghram cu ruahnak ai khat lomi pawl hmunkhat ah umti khawhnak hnga sermi a si ko nain ruahnak ai khatlomi pawl hmunkhat ah um ti khawh timi nunphung (political culture) Kawlram ah a um lo, tiah a ti. Mirang pawl um lio ah hmunkhat ah a rak um khomi ai almi buu pawl kha mirang an um lo tikah pakhat le pakhat fak taktak in I phomh long an ruat. Thimnak zong zei an rel lo. Man an ngeihter lo. Ralkap nih uknak a lakmi cu mifim tlawmpal te chim lo a hohmanh lungthat lo in a ummi an um lo, tiah a ti.
Hluttaw Parliament: Ruling Vs Opposition
1950 ah Ruling Party AFPL in Socialists pawl an chuah caah Hluttaw ah Opposition a hung sem. Korea Ral kongah AFPL Cozah nih UN biachahnak an pawm mi cu AFPL chungtel Socialist nih biatak tein an doh. Cucaah Party chungin chuah an tong. Ruahnak khatlomi cu Party nih cohlang lo, tinak a rak si ko, tiah a ti. 1951 ahcun Oppositon MP 10 an hung si. Pu Aung San a upa Aung Tan hruaimi MP 7 AFPL in an chuah hnuah Opposition thazang a hung um deuh. Nain a zapi fonh ah Opposition dohtu MP 30 hmanh an tling lo. AFPL Party long MP 200 hlei an si. Opposition MP a hun tammi cu Ruling Party AFPL nih fihnung ah an hmuh, an nehsawh thlaamlangh ngaingai hna, tiah a ti. Ruling Party in an chuak I, Opposition an si kha an celh hrimhrim rua lo. Mi hrawktu tiah an doh. Ruling party nih Oppostion MP cu an nehsawh zomhtaihnak a tam caah 19 March 1951 ah Opposition MP (18) nih Hluttaw thutkomh a dih hnu nazi (24) chung sandah an piah, tiah a ti. Ruling Party nih Hluttaw ah Oppostition biatung an dirhmi poh zeirello, biachimnak nawl an pe lo, Covo pek lo ti bantukin Oppostion cu ral hmuh in an hmuh hna. Ruling Party dirhmi biatung (a su) poh tu cu ceih huaha loin fehter dih a si, tiah a ti.
1952 Hluttaw an thut tikah Arakan MP 13 cu Opposition lei an I bet. Arakan State an halmi cu Ruling Party nih a pawmpi duh lo, MP 189 hrong an si caah an tei kho fawn lo. Ruling Party nih an duhmi poh an tuah kho ko nain Hluttaw ah soisel tikah umtu thutdir an thiam ti lo. Democracy hram tete a corh nain a fek lo. Opposition MP kha Communists Lawyer (Sihni) tiah an rak puh hna, tiah a ti. Puantang ah Communists tupung he nan I tlai, Hlattaw ah nan aukhuang, tiah Opposition cu Ruling nih an rak soisel hna, tiah a ti. Hmaizah upatnak a um lo. Ruling tuahmi poah a tha dih, Opposition chimmi poh a tha lo, timi ruahnak AFPL Cozah ah a um tiah, Dohtu MP nih an rak ti. Opposition dohtu poh kha hnulei chit zeirello, asiloah, thokho lo cawlkholo in namphih, kha Kawl Siangpahrang hna ziaza lungput cu a rak si, tiah a ti. Kawl Siangpahrang chanah dohtu poh cu hrawktu tiah rak ruah a si bantuk in AFPL Cozah chan zongah ruah a si, tiah a ti. Political party pakhat khat a-pe-a-ze ( give and take) umtuning an rak thei rih lo tiah a ti.
Kum 1956 thimnak hnuah Dohtu Party MP (54) tiang an hung si nain Ruling Party (160) hlei an phan than. Hluttaw chungah khat lei le khat le I upatnak a hung um deuh. Nain Dohtu Party nih dirhmi biatung (a su) poh Hluttaw nih hnawl (reject) viar a si, tiah a ti. MP Aung Moe cu tupung pehtlaih puh ruangah Hluttaw chungah an rak tlaih. Democracy ramah ruling Party nih Hluttaw control cu an I tinh ton ko nain Dohtu Party cu an upat dih. Pakhat le pakhat hloh viar, an I zuam lo, ai domi pawl hmunkhat umti khawh an I tim. Nain Kawlram ahcun U Saw Prime Minister chanah Dohtu kha sualnak a kawl riangmang I thong a thlak ko, tiah a ti. Democracy ram ahcun titsa ngei zumtlak Dohtu MP a herh ngaite, tiah a chim. Mipi nih Cozah he Tupung he rak tih a si caah naa pahnih karah Me-za-pin bantuk an rak si ko, tiah a ti. AFPL Cozah chanah biaceihbawi nih an duhning in bia a ceih lo ahcun hmundang ah thial ti bantuk biaceihlo thong kum (10) tiang thlak ti bantuk a um. Damiah zong Cozah nih a humhim caah bia an ceih kho lo ti hna a um. Vuanci U Tin Htunt thahnak case zong a phi a chuak thai lo, Cozah nih an hum, tiah a ti. Palimen democracy chanah Kawl Siangpahrang chan nunphung kha an thlau kho rih lo. Democracy le rule of law umtuning an theih hlei lo, tiah a ti.
Party chungtel luh timi cu Party policy le kalphung duh caah si loin Party hruaitu he pumpak pehtlaihnak that ruangah Party member luh deuh a rak tam. Party kalphung kha titsa ngeih hau loin Party hruaitu titsa ngeih kha a biapi ah chiah a rak si, a ti. Ruling AFPL le Political Party AFPL umtuzia zong thleidan kan rak thiam lo. Cozah cu thleidannak ngeih lo in ding te le hman tein riantuan ding a si, Party chungtel long khamh ding a si lo, timi cu AFPL nih a nunnak a dih lai te longah a theihin a lang, a ti. Sualnak a ngeimi cu ngaihthiam zongah a ngah, dantat zongah a ngah timi kalphung cu upadii uknak (rule of law) sitiloin minung uknak upadii tu a rak si, tiah a ti. Cozah he pehtlaih cu kan duhlo nain Cozah cu kan I bochan duh ngai, Cozah longnih zeipoah a tuah kho timi ruahnak kan ngei. Pipu chan khuaruahnak kan thlau kho hlei lo, tiah a ti. Palimen democracy a rawh cu AFPL Cozah nih mawh a phurh long siloin Burmese Society pi zongnih mawh kan phur ve. AFPL nih dikhman tein a kan hruai kho lo, buainak singsang a um lioah ramrian cawlcanghnak ah a hrampi zulhding ramriantuantu hna nih an ruahnak an funti kho lo, Political Party pawl uknak lak ding longlong an rak ruat, tiah a ti.
Ralkap Chan:
Siangpahrang a thin a hun i fei le nam ai lak ahcun Vuanci pawl cu uico tlik vok tlik in an tlik bantuk in Ne Win volhpamh Ralbawi pawl an tong lengmang. Ne Win nih a zohkho ti lo ruangah rianchuah, thongthlak a ingmi an tam bantukin Ne Win cawihlir ruangah zingzan ah milian mingan a chuak colhmi tampi an um, tiah a ti. Ba-hu in Ne Uk nih Siangpahrang bang a uk bantukin hmun dangdangah Ralbawi pawl nih Siangpahrang bang an uk cio ve, tiah a ti. Cozah riantuantu vialte ‘khah’ pathum ‘khaw-yin-tua, khaing-da-loh, khan-ma-pyu-neh’ timi le ‘mah’ pathum ‘ma-loh, ma-souh, ma-pyuh’ zulhphung an hman, tiah a ti. Palimen chan ahcun Hluttaw talah biahal khawh a si, democracy a um ti locun, zoh sawhsawh ko in, lungchuakpoh a tuahmi Siangpahrang phung, kan hung lut than, tiah a ti. Mipi a namneh I uknak a hmang sualmi dohthlen phun Kawlram tuanbia ah a um bal lo. Siangpahrang hrawhnak caah an rak dohmi cu Ukphung (system) thlennak caah si loin Siangpahrang thutnak chuhnak caah, a rak si. Bung-sin, kai-sin ah rak ruahmi an si caah uktu hrawh ding an rak ruahlomi a tam deuh ko, tiah a ti. Cucaah Ralkap dohthlennak tuahtu zong mipi nih duhningin an dirhkamh lo hi a si ko lai, tiah a ti.
Ne Win nih Europe nitlakram cu nuamhnak in khual a tlawng theo nain ramdang nih Kawlram kong an hun I thlak ding cu a tihtuk. Mah-Sah-Lah Ralkap Cozah nih luat tein khuaruah cawlcannghnak phung nitlak lei nunphung cu an tih tuk, tiah a ti. Ramdang mi an si ah cun ‘hi pa hi cu hna a hnawktuk’ tiah Ralbawi nih an hmuh theo bang, Siangpahrang chan ah ramdang pawl cu an lunghrinh ton hna, a ti. Kawl Ralbawi pawl zongnih ramdang mi cu an lunghrinh hna, tiah a ti. Ram ngeihchiah thilri cu mah pumpak ngeihchiah thilri ah Kawl Siangpahrang nih duhpoh in an hman an hloh bantukin Kawl Ralbawi zong nih mah pumpak ngeihchiah thirlri ah an hloh an hmani, tiah a ti. 1974 Socialit Phunghram an kan tuahpi nain a taktak cun ‘dictatorship’ ukphung a si ko. Hi ‘dictatorship’ phung Kawl miphun nih kan rak cohlan cu nitlak ram an khuaruah a rak har tuk. Sihmanhsehlaw, Kawl pawl caah cun zeihmanh lo, riltam pawtam kan tam hlan chung cu kan daidep ko dingin a lang, tiah a ti. Kawlram mipi nih ramrian kong siaherhnak (interests) kan ngeih lo chung cu mi cheukhat nih duhpoh in an kan uk rih ko lai, ti a fiang ko, tiah a chim.
Biadonghnak
Pu Aung San zongnih hruaitu that ahcun zapi that, hruaitu that lo cun zapi rawh, Cozah pakhat, Party pakhat, hruaitu pakhat long a umding a si, Cozah bia kha hopoah zulhdih a herh, tiah 1942 ah Japan ah a umlio ca a tialmi a um. Bochoke Aung San zong democracy cu a hmurka in a support ko nain dictator kalphung a duhmi tiah American Scholar David Sternberg nih, a rak tialbal, tiah a ti. Kawl miphun ah dictator nunphung a um caah ruahnak ai khat lomi cu an cohlang kho ton lo, tiah a ti.
Bamar tuanphung ah ral phun (5) timi ‘ti, mei, uktu Cozah, firtu le duhlomi dawtlomi’ cu a si khawh chungin hrial ding, tiah kan hngakchia tein cawn a si bantuk in Uktu Cozah cu mithalo misual a si tiah a sikhawh chung hrial ding a si, timi ruahnak cu Bamar Miphun chungah a thuk ngai. Cucaah Ral phun (5) chungah tuanphung ah telhmi Uktu Cozah hrawhding/dohding timi bia cu Buddist biaknak chungah a si kho lo ah ruah a si ton, tiah a ti.
Mirang ram ahcun mipi nih Police an rian bomh cu nunphung bantuk ah a cang. Sihmanhsehlaw, Kawlram le India ahcun mipi nih Police an rian bomh timi cu hmuh a har ngaingai, tiah Mirang Bawi nih a rak chim bal, tiah a ti. Keimah he kai pehtlai lo ai pat tiah hnulei chit in siaherhnak (interest) zeihmanh kan ngeihlomi hi democracy kan kalh a si. Luatnak hmuh hnu zongah mipi rianah I thlak duhlonak, veng chungah pakhat khat a can sual ahcun ‘va zoh hlah, tette ah an in lak sual lai’ tiah zeihmanh pehtlaih duhlonak thinlung hi Kawl pawl kan thadernak pakhat a si, tiah a chim. Cunglei upa he I kalh cu san tlai lo, a zin-ce lo, tiah rak ruah a si. Hihi Kawl Siangpahrang chanin I rohmi bantuk in lakmi nunphung a si caah hrawh a ngah ti lai lo. Cucaah cunglei nawlngeitu doh ngam lo hi Bamar nunphung hrim a si, tiah a ti.
Bamar miphun nih nawlngeitu lutlai sipoh ah ka theih dih, ka hngalh dih, tiah keimah timi lungput a luh colh ton caah nawlngeinak a ngeivelo hoikom hlun cu nehsawh thlamlangh colh a si ton. Mah kuttang um rian phuah khawh, chuahkhawhnak nawl an ngeihmi kha an I lawm ngaingai, tiah a ti. Nu le pa poh nih an fanu fapa cu Zungthubawi sinak dingah saduh an thahpi dih hna. Mifim cathiam nih private business cu an uar (interest) lo. Zungah thut I cazi bawmtu si, lahkhah tlawmte ei hmanh kha an lung a tling deuh. Bawi (Officer) riantuan cu huham (dignity) a um tiah ruah a si caah mirang chan ah BA awn cun Myo Uk le Vuanthok tuan I timh dih a si. Ziahtiah Myo Uk le Vuanthok cu mipi nih tih mi a si caah cucu tuan an duh dih, tiah a ti.
Kuttial zoh (astrologer) hmangin ramhruai, nawlngeitu pohpoh tlonh (zit), biahman thuh khawh chung thuh I, nawlngeitu duhning hoihin biahman lo chim, cungleibawi duhning hoih biachim ruangah a chuakmi mi hlehkanh in biachim nunphung, lunghrinnak in tuaktan duhpengnak nunphung, hna hi hlan Siangpahrang chanin tunitiang kan kaltak khawh lomi kan nunphung a si, tiah a ti. Nawlngeitu cu tih, harnak pekhotu nawlngeitu chinchin cu tih chinchin cu Bamar nunphung a si. Bamar nunphung ah biaceihnak upadii nih biaceih loin nawlngeitu bia in biachah, Cung le tang pehtlaihnak, Cozah le mipi pehltaihnak ah biadik kan chim ngam lo, upadii kha nawlngeitu duhning hoih kan kalpi chung cu upadii a ngeilomi he kan I khat ko, tiah a ti.
Democracy timi cu Covo hmuhnak ca long ah a si lo, cawn I lakding nungphung pakhat a si. Dictator thinlung kan hruhpi chih caah nawl kan ngeih lio ahcun kan hak ngai, mi kan thlaamlangh ngai, nawl ngeih ti lo ahcun nawlngeitu hmai phanh tikah kan tih hna, tiah a ti. Na ngeihmi nawlngeihnak duhpoh in hmansual kha dictators Bamar nunphung cu a si, tiah a ti. Cunglei le tanglei chonhbiakning, mipi le nawlngeitu chonhbiakning zong dictator kalphung in kan kal. Hihi hlan Siangpahrang chanin hram a thlami nunphung a si, tiah a ti. Fimcawnnak (normal education) longnih a thuk ngaingaimi hlan pipu nunphung a hi a thleng kho lai lo, tiah AFPL Cozah ruahnak petu nih a rak chim bal, tiah a ti.
U Nu nih ram pumpi ah phu-tung-ngiah long te kan um, phu-tung-ngiah pawl phu-a-gyi pawltampi umnak ramah buaibainak tha tein tuaktan khawh a har ngaingai ton, tiah U Nu nih a chim bal, tiah a ti. Voikhat cu Police hruaitu bawi ngan pakhat nih U Nu cu a thawh, ‘America le England ram hna cu ral ah thanh (War Declare) ding a si’ tiah a rak forhfial. U Nu nih vawleipi map cu a a hmai ah a hun chiahpiak I, a zohter, ‘America le England ral ah kan thanh (Shit-ce-ngia) ahcun Kawlram hi a sop dih lai’, tiah a chimhfian than.Hi bantuk phu-tung-ngiah ram hruaitu (Zero) hna umnak ramah politics le social kong theihkauhnak (awareness) tampi tuah a hau rih, tiah Dr. Khin Mawng Kyi nih a chim.
Phunghrampi zeitin zeitin kan tial len zongah ram mipi nih democracy a man (value) kan ngeihter lo ahcun pokpalong a si ko. Democracy hi ram mipi nih kan zumh khawhnak caah hruaitu pawl cungah tuanvo a um, tiah a ti. Kawlram Mipi hopoah nih democracy umtuning kan zumh, kan upat longah Democracy kan ser khawh lai. Democracy cu tuahtoning, tuahnak nawl, hmuhnak nawl an tialnak catlap sawh a si lo. Politics, Economic, Social le Culture vialte a huap dih, ai teldihmi kan nunnak (ba-wah) a si. Democracy timi cu minung hna kan lungput ziaza a si. Minung hopoah he ai pehtlaihmi Democracy hi minung a simi pohnih kan zumh a hau. Mipi nih ramrian (politics) kongah kan siaherh (interest) lo, hruaitu leinih le lampialpi ahcun Kawlram ah Democracy sersiam le dirhnak caah a har tuk hringhran lai, tiah Prof. Dr. Khin Mawng Kyi nih a chim.
(Note: Hi capar cu a lettu ruahnak pakhat hmanh ai tel lo. An tiacia mi cungah duhmi tete lakin tial thanmi a si. Hi capar kong he pehtlaih in original he zohchih a duhmi nan um ahcun cah khawh a si)
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Mah ca hi 5 February 2011 ah Lai Forum, Rungcin, Metkhuabo, Siapanglai, le Chin Mino biaruahnak hna ah a thlah mi a si.